Tremendous progress has been attained in seeking and optimizing the biodegradable polymers with appropriated properties in modern industrial application and biomedical uses. In this chapter, we give a brief introduction of how biodegradable polymers have played an enormous role in environmental and biomedical use. Biodegradable polymers are mainly classified into two categories: natural polymers, such as cellulose, chitosan and collagen; and synthetic polymers such as polyesters, polyurethanes, polyamides, etc. In this chapter, we have gone through these two categories of biodegradable copolymers and dealt with the recent development and application for each material, particularly highlighting its synthesis and biomedical uses. The reader will have a comprehensive and consolidated overview of the immense potential and ongoing research in biodegradable polymer science and engineering, which is earnestly attempting to make the world of tomorrow greener.