We present ab initio calculations for the electronic density distribution, and electron-ion and ion-ion correlation functions for the liquid alkali metals at conditions near the melting point. Our calculations are based on the use of the neutral pseudoatom method to derive the interionic pair potential and on the variational modified hypernetted chain integral equation theory of liquids. The resulting theory is free of adjustable parameters, using the atomic numbers as the only input data. The interionic pair potentials obtained follow the expected trends, whereas the theoretical structural functions show a good agreement with experiment.