| Автор | Bourassa, Steven, C. |
| Дата выпуска | 1990 |
| dc.description | This article resolves the conflict between biological and cultural explanations of aesthetic behavior that is evident in the landscape aesthetics literature. In resolving that conflict, the article combines biological, cultural, and personal bases for aesthetics in a comprehensive paradigm for research in landscape aesthetics. This paradigm is based on Vygotsky's developmental approach to understanding the human mind and human behavior. Vygotsky's method leads to the identification of three fundamental processes of development: phylogenesis (biological evolution), sociogenesis (cultural history), and ontogenesis (individual development). These correspond to three modes of existence-the Umwelt, the Mitwelt, and the Eigenwe/t-Adentified phenomenologically by the existential analysts. These in turn correspond to three modes of aesthetic experience: biological, cultural, and personal. The interrelations of the three modes of aesthetic experience are discussed, with particular emphasis on the biological and cultural modes. It is concluded that each mode has distinct qualities that justify its separate inclusion within the paradigm. Finally, the three modes are characterized as sets of aesthetic constraints and opportunities, labeled laws, rules, and strategies, respectively. Important research directions in landscape aesthetics involve identification and explanation of these constraints and opportunities. The tripartite paradigm promises to be useful in helping to pose important research questions as well as in avoiding conceptual errors in the design of experiments in landscape aesthetics. |
| Издатель | SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC. |
| Название | A Paradigm for Landscape Aesthetics |
| Тип | Journal Article |
| DOI | 10.1177/0013916590226004 |
| Print ISSN | 0013-9165 |
| Журнал | Environment and Behavior |
| Том | 22 |
| Первая страница | 787 |
| Последняя страница | 812 |
| Аффилиация | Bourassa, Steven, C., City and Regional Planning at Memphis State University |
| Выпуск | 6 |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Appleton, J. (1975a). The experience of landscape. London: Wiley. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Appleton, J. (1975b). Landscape evaluation: The theorefical vacuum. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 66, 120-123. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Appleton, J. (1980). Landscape in the arts and the sciences. Hull, UK: University of Hull. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Bachelard, G. (1969). The poetics of space. Boston: Beacon. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Basch, D. (1972). The uses of aesthetics in planning: A critical review. Joumal of Aesthetic Education, 6(3), 39-55. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Birnbaum, M. H. (1981). Thinking and feeling: A skeptical review. American Psychologist, 36, 99-101. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Bourassa, S. C. (1988). Toward atheory of landscape aesthetics. Landscape and Urban Planning, 15, 241-252. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Bourassa, S. C. (1989). Postmodernism in architecture and planning: What kind of style?Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 6, 289-304. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Bunkse, E. V. (1977). Review of The Experience of Landscape, by Jay Appleton. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 67, 149-151. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Butzer, K. W. (1977). Environment, culture, and human evolution. American Scientist, 65, 572-584. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Carter, C. L. (1976). Aesthetic values and human habitation: A philosophical and interdisciplinary approach to landscape aesthetics. In P. Bearse et al. (Eds.), American values and habitat A research agenda (pp. 81-95). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Cassirer, E. (1944). An essay on man: An introduction to a philosophy of human culture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Cooper, C. (1974). The house as a symbol of self. In J. Lang, C. Burnett, W. Moleski, & D. Vachon (Eds.), Designing for human behavior: Architecture and the behavioral sciences (pp. 130-146). Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Costonis, J. J. (1982). Law and aesthetics: A critique and a reformulation of the dilemmas. Michigan Law Review, 80, 355-461. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Costonis, J. J. (1989). Icons and aliens: Law, aesthetics, and environmental change. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Dearden, P. (1989). Societal landscape preferences: A pyramid of influences. In P. Dearden & B. Sadler (Eds.), Landscape evaluation: Approaches and applications (Western Geographical Series, Vol. 25, pp. 41-63). Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, Department of Geography. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Dewey, J., (1934). Art as experience. New York: Minton, Balch. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Eaton, M. M. (1989). Aesthetics and the good life. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Ellenberger, H. F. (1958). A clinical introduction to psychiatric phenomenology and existential analysis. In R. May, E. Angel, & H. F. Ellenberger (Eds.), Existence: A new dimension in psychiatry and psychology (pp. 92-104). New York: Basic Books. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Gloor, P. (1978). Inputs and outputs of the amygdala: What the amygdala is trying to tell the rest of the brain. In K. E. Livingston & O. Hornykiewicz (Eds.), Limbic mechanisms: The continuing evolution of the limbic system concept (pp. 189-209). New York: Plenum. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Gould, S. J. (1980). Sociobiology and the theory of natural selection. In G. W. Barlow & J. Silverberg (Eds.), Sociobiology: Beyond nature/nurture? Reports, definitions and debate (AAAS Selected Symposium 35, pp. 257-269). Boulder CO: Westview. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Greenbie, B. B. (1973). An ethological approach to community design. In W.F.E. Preiser (Ed.), Environmental design research. Vol. 1: Selected papers (pp. 14-24). Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Homans, P. (1979). Jung in context: Modernity and the making of a psychology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Hume, D. A. (1888). A treatise of human nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Original work published in 1740) |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Hume, D. A. (1965). Of the standard of taste and other essays. New York: Bobbs-Merrill. (Original work published in 1757) |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Humphrey, N. K. (1970). What the frog's eye tells the monkey's brain. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 3, 324-337. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Humphrey, N. K. (1972). Seeing and nothingness. New Scientist, 53, 682-684. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Izard, C. E. (1984). Emotion-cognition relationships and human development. In C. E. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Izard, J. Kagan, & R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition, and behavior (pp. 17-37). New York: Cambridge University Press. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Jeans, D. N. (1977). Review of The Experience of Landscape, by JayAppleton. Australian Geographer, 13, 345-346. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Jung, C. G. (1928). Contributions to analytical psychology. New York: Harcourt Brace. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Jung, C. G. (1959). The archetypes and the collective unconscious. New York: Pantheon. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Jung, C. G. (1964). Man and his symbols. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature:A psychologicalperspective. New York: Cambridge University Press. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Kaplan, S. (1987). Aesthetics, affect, and cognition: Environmental preference from an evolutionary perspective. Environment and Behavior, 19, 3-32. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Kunst-Wilson, W. R., & Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Affective discrimination of stimuli that cannot be recognized. Science, 207, 557-558. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Langer, S. K. (1953). Feeling and form: A theory of art. New York: Scribner's. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Lazarus, R. S. (1982). Thoughts on the relations between emotion and cognition. American Psychologist, 37,1019-1024. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Lazarus, R. S. (1984). On the primacy of cognition. American Psychologist, 39, 124-129. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Livingstone, F. B. (1980). Cultural causes of genetic change. In G. W. Barlow &J. Silverberg (Eds.), Sociobiology: Beyond nature/nurture? Reports, definitions and debate (AAAS Selected Symposium 35, pp. 307-329). Boulder, CO: Westview. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Macia, A. (1979). Visual perception of landscape: Sex and personality differences. In G. H. Elsner & R. C. Smardon (Eds.), Proceedings of Our National Landscape: A Conference on Applied Techniques for Analysis and Management of the Visual Resource (USDA Forest Service Technical Report PSW-35, pp. 279-285). Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | MacLean, P. D. (1958a). Contrasting functions of limbic and neocortical systems of the brain and their relevance to psychophysiological aspects of medicine. American Journal of Medicine, 25, 611-626. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | MacLean, P. D. (1958b). The limbic system with respect to self-preservation and the preservation of the species. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 127, 1-11. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | MacLean, P. D. (1959). The limbic system with respect to two basic life principles. In M.A.B. Brazier (Ed.), The central nervous system and behavior (pp. 31-118). New York: Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | MacLean, P. D. (1962). New findings relevant to the evolution of the psychosexual functions of the brain. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 135, 289-301. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | MacLean, P. D. (1973a). The brain's generation gap: Some human implications. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science, 8, 113-127. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | MacLean, P. D. (1973b). Man's limbic brain and the psychoses. In T. J. Boag & D. Campbell (Eds.), A triune concept of brain and behaviour (pp. 23-41). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | MacLean, P. D. (1973c). Man's reptilian and limbic inheritance. In T. J. Boag & D. Campbell (Eds.), A triune concept of brain and behaviour (pp. 6-22). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | MacLean, P. D. (1973d). New trends in man's evolution. In T. J. Boag & D. Campbell (Eds.), A triune concept of brain and behaviour (pp. 42-60). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | May, R. (1958a). Contributions of existential psychotherapy, In R. May, E. Angel, & H. F. Ellenberger (Eds.), Existence: A new dimension in psychiatry and psychology (pp. 37-91). New York: Basic Books. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | May, R. (1958b). The origins and significance of the existential movement in psychology. In R. May, E. Angel, & H. F. Ellenberger (Eds.), Existence: A new dimension in psychiatry and psychology (pp. 3-36). New York: Basic Books. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Meyer, L. B. (1979). Toward a theory of style. In B. Lang (Ed.), The concept of style (pp. 3-44). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Midgley, M. (1978). Beast and man: The roots of human nature. Hassocks, UK: Harvester Press. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Moore, R. Y. (1973). Retinohypothalamic projection in mammals: A comparative study. Brain Research, 49, 403-409. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Moreland, R. L., & Zajonc, R. B. (1977). Is stimulus recognition a necessary condition for the occurrence of exposure effects?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,35, 191-199. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Paillard, J., Michel, F., & Stelmach G. (1983). Localization without content: A tactile analogue of "blind sight."Archives of Neurology, 40, 548-551. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Penning-Rowsell, E. C. (1981). Fluctuating fortunes in gauging landscape value. Progress in Human Geography, 5, 25-41. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Porteous, J. D. (1982). Urban environmental aesthetics. In B. Sadler & A. Carlson (Eds.), Environmental aesthetics: Essays in interpretation (Western Geographical Series, Vol. 20, pp. 67-95). Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, Department of Geography. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Priestley, T. (1983). The field of visual analysis and resource management: A bibliographic analysis and perspective. Landscape Journal, 2, 52-59. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Punter, J. V. (1982). Landscape aesthetics: A synthesis and critique. In J. R. Gold & J. Burgess (Eds.), Valued environments (pp. 100-123). London: Allen & Unwin. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Rappaport, R. A. (1986). Desecrating the holy woman: Derek Freeman's attack on Margaret Mead. American Scholar, 55, 313-347. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Sancar, F. H. (1985). Towards theory generation in landscape aesthetics. Landscape Journal, 4,116-123. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Scribner, S. (1985). Vygotsky's uses of history. In J. V. Wertsch (Ed.), Culture, communication, and cognition: Vygotskian perspectives (pp. 119-145). New York: Cambridge University Press. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Seamon, J. G., Brody, N., & Kauff, D. M. (1983a). Affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized: Effects of shadowing, masking, and cerebral laterality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Leaming, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 544-555. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Seamon, J. G., Brody, N., & Kauff, D. M. (1983b). Affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized: 2. Effect of delay between study and test. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 21, 187-189. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Seamon, J. G., Marsh, R. L., & Brody, N. (1984). Critical importance of exposure duration for affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 465-469. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Silverberg, J. (1980). Sociobiology, the new synthesis? An anthropologist's perspective. In G. W. Barlow & J. Silverberg (Eds.), Sociobiology: Beyond nature/nurture? Reports, definitions and debate (AAAS Selected Symposium 35, pp. 25-74). Boulder, CO: Westview. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Smith, P. F. (1977). The syntax of cities. London: Hutchinson. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Tomkins, S. S. (1981). The quest for primary motives: Biography and autobiography of an idea. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 306-329. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Toulmin, S. (1978). The Mozart of psychology. New York Review of Books, 25(14), 51-57. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Tyng, A. G. (1969). Geometric extensions of consciousness. Zodiac, 19, 130-162. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Ulrich, R. S. (1983). Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. In I. Altman & J. F. Wohlwill (Eds.), Behavior and the natural environment (pp. 86-125). New York: Plenum. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Ulrich, R. S. (1986). Human responses to vegetation and landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 13, 29-44. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Vygotsky, L. S. (1981a). The development of higher forms of attention. In J. V. Wertsch (Ed.), The concept of activity in Soviet psychology (pp. 189-240). Armonk, NY: Sharpe. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Vygotsky, L. S. (1981b). The genesis of higher mental functions. In J. V. Wertsch (Ed.), The concept of activity in Soviet psychology (pp. 144-188). Armonk, NY: Sharpe. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Vygotsky, L. S. (1981c). The instrumental method in psychology. In J. V. Wertsch (Ed.), The concept of activity in Soviet psychology (pp. 134-143). Armonk, NY: Sharpe. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Weiskrantz, L. (1986). Blindsight: A case study and implications. Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Wertsch, J. V. (1985). Vygotsky and the social formation of mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Wilson, W. R. (1979). Feeling more than we can know: Exposure effects without learning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 811-821. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Wohlwill, J. F. (1976). Environmental aesthetics: The environment as a source of affect. In I. Altman & J. F. Wohlwill (Eds.), Human behavior and environment: Advances in theory and research (Vol. 1, pp. 37-86). New York: Plenum. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35,151-175. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Zajonc, R. B. (1981). A one-factor mind about mind and emotion. American Psychologist, 36, 102-103. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Zajonc, R. B. (1984). On the primacy of affect. American Psychologist, 39, 117-123. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Zube, E. H. (1974). Cross-disciplinary and intermode agreement on the description and evaluation of landscape resources. Environment and Behavior, 6, 69-89. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Zube, E. H. (1984). Themes in landscape assessment theory. Landscape Journal, 3, 104-110. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Zube, E. H., Sell, J. L., & Taylor, J. G. (1982). Landscape perception: Research, application and theory. Landscape Planning, 9,1-33. |
