Автор |
Winfield, Linda, F. |
Автор |
Woodard, Michael, D. |
Дата выпуска |
1994 |
dc.description |
National standards and assessments are being proposed as a strategy for improving schools in the United States. However, proposed federal policies for implementation raise serious concerns about the extent to which national standards and assessments alone will help improve the quality of public education for all or whether it will serve to deepen the already severe educational and economic cleavages that exist in this nation, especially along racial/ethnic lines. We examine the implications of this policy for equity and diversity in terms of antecedent instructional conditions, the proposed test, the testing context, and the diversity of learners to be assessed. Without a strong and serious commitment to opportunity to learn, this policy serves as a symbolic and political fiction rather than an instrumental one in improving schooling outcomes, particularly for disadvantaged urban and racial/ethnic minority students. |
Издатель |
Sage Publications |
Название |
Assessment, Equity, and Diversity in Reforming America's Schools |
Тип |
Journal Article |
DOI |
10.1177/0895904894008001001 |
Print ISSN |
0895-9048 |
Журнал |
Educational Policy |
Том |
8 |
Первая страница |
3 |
Последняя страница |
27 |
Аффилиация |
Winfield, Linda, F., UCLA Graduate School of Education, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024. |
Выпуск |
1 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Alvarez, L. P., & Hakuta, K. (1992). Enriching our views of bilingualism and bilingual education. Educational Researcher, 21(2), 4-9. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Anderson, L. (1975). Opportunity to learn, test bias and school effects. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council of Measurement in Education, Washington, DC. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Anderson, L., Evertson, C., & Brophy, J. (1979). An experimental study of effective teaching in first-grade reading groups. Elementary School Journal, 79, 192-223. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Aschbacher, P. R. (1992). Issues in innovative assessment for classroom practice: Barriers and facilitators (CSE Tech. Rep. No. 359). Los Angeles: University of Califomia, National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
August, D., & Hakuta, K. (1993). Federal education programs for the limited English proficiency students: A blue print for the second generation (Report for the Stanford Working Group). Stanford, CA: Stanford University. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Badger, E. (1993, March). The role of expectations and fairness in statewide assessment programs: Lessons from Massachusetts. Paper presented at the Ford Foundation Symposium on Equity and Educational Testing and Assessment, Washington, DC. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Baker, E. L., & O'Neil, H. F., Jr. (in press). Performance assessment and equity. Evaluating education reform: Assessment of student performance. Washington, DC: Pelavin Associates. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Baker, E. L., 'O'Neil, H. F., Jr., & Linn, R. L. (1991). Policy and validity prospects for performance-based assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Baratz, S. S., & Baratz, J. (1970). Early childhood intervention: The social science base of institutional racism. Harvard Education Review, 40, 29-50. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Barr, R. (1973-1974). Instructional pace differences and their effect on reading acquisition. Reading Research Quarterly, 9, 526-554. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Barton, P. E., Coley, R. J., & Goertz, M. E. (1991). The state of inequality (Policy Information Report). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, Policy Information Center. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Blackwell, J. (1991). Blacks, and Hispanics in the educational pipeline. In G. E. Thomas (Ed.), U.S. race relations in the 1940s and 1990s: Challenges and alternatives. New York: Hemisphere. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Braddock, J. H. (1990). Tracking: Implications for African American students. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, Center for Research on Effective Schooling for Disadvantaged Students. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Brophy, J. (1982). How teachers influence what is taught and leaned in classrooms. Elementary School Journal, 83(1), 1-13. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Burstein, L. (1993). Validating national curriculum indicators: A conceptual overview of the RANDICRESST NSF project. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Atlanta, GA. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Burstein, L., Guiton, G., Mirocha, J., McDonnell, L., Ormseth, T., & Van Winkle, J. (1993, April). Validating national curriculum indicators: Student work samples as benchmarks of learning opportunities and instructional practices. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Atlanta, GA. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Catterall, J. S. (1989). Standards and school dropouts: A national study of tests required for graduation. American Journal of Education, 98(1), 1-34. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Chang, S. S., & Raths, J. (1971). The school's contribution to the cumulating deficit. Journal of Educational Research, 64, 272-276. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Chira, S. (1991, August 7). Educators draw outline for nationwide testing. The New York Times, p. A19. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Colwell, C. D., & Mitchell, D. E. (1993). A district implementation of performance-based and portfolio assessment for compensatory education students. Riverside: University of California, California Educational Research Cooperative. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Congress of the United States. (1992). Testing in America's schools: Asking the right questions (OTA-SET 520). Washington, DC: Office of Technology Assessment. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Cooley, W. W., & Leinhardt, G. (1980). The instructional dimensions study. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 2(1), 7-25. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Darling-Hammond, L. (1993, March). Equity issues in performance-based assessment. Paper presented at the Ford Foundation Symposium on Equity and Educational Testing and Assessment, Washington, DC. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Debra P. v. Turlington, 474 F. Supp. 244, 252 (M.D. Florida 1979). |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Doyle, W. (1983). Academic work. Review of Educational Research, 53(2), 159-199. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Elliott, E. J. (1993, March). National testing and assessment strategies: Equity implications of leading proposals for national examinations. Paper presented at the Ford Foundation Symposium on Equity and Educational Testing and Assessment, Washington, DC. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Elmore, R., & McLaughlin, M. (1988). Steady work; policy, practice, and the reform of American education (R-3574-NEEIRC, p. v.). Santa Monica: RAND. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Estrin, E. T. (1993). Alternative assessment: Issues in language, culture and equity. San Francisco, CA: Far West Laboratory. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Freeman, D. J., Belli, G. M., Porter, A. C., Floden, R. E., Schmidt, W. H., & Schwille, J. R. (1983). The influence of different styles of textbook use on instructional validity of standardized tests. Journal of Educational Measurement, 20(3), 259-270. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Freeman, D. J., Kuhs, T. M., Porter, A. C., Floden, R. E., Schmidt, W. H., & Schwille, J. R. (1983). Do textbooks and tests define a national curriculum in elementary school mathematics? Elementary School Journal, 83(5), 501-513. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Giroux, H. A. (1992). Educational leadership and the crisis of democratic government. Educational Researcher, 21(4), 4-11. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Goals 2000: Educate America Act, H.R. 92, House of Representatives, January 5, 1993. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Good, T., Grouws, D. A., & Beckermn, T. M. (1978). Curriculum pacing: Some empirical data in mathematics. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 10, 75-82. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Haertle, E. (1989). Student achievement tests as tools of educational policy: Practices and consequences. In B. Gifford (Ed.), Test policy and test performance: Education, language, and culture (pp. 25-50). Boston: Kluwer. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Haney, W. M., Madaus, G. F., & Lyons, R. (1993). The fractured marketplace for standardized testing. Boston: Kluwer. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Harris, A. J., & Serwer, B. L. (1966). The CRAFT project: Instructional time in reading. Reading Research Quarterly, 2, 27-56. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Herman, J. L., Aschbacher, P. R., & Winters, L. (1992). A practical guide to alternative assessment. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Husen, T. (Ed.). (1967). International study of achievement in mathematics: A comparison of twelve countries, Vol. 2. New York: Wiley. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Johnson, R. (in press). Restructuring schools: The debate. In L. Rendon (Ed.), Educating the new majority. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Johnson, S. (1987). Test fairness and bias: Measuring academic achievement among Black youth. Urban League Review, 11(1), 76-92. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Johnston, W. B., & Packer, A. H. (1987). Workforce 2000. Washington, DC: Hudson Institute.Kirsch, I. S., & Jungteblut, A. (1986). Literacy: Profiles of America's young adults. Princeton, NJ: National Assessment of Educational Progress. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Kolers, P. A. (1968). Bilingualism and information processing. Scientific American, 78-85. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Koretz, D. (1993). Report of Year 2 Vermont study. The reliability of scores from the 1992 Vermont Portfolio Assessment Program. Interim report. Los Angeles: University of California, National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Kozol, J. (1991). Savage inequalities. New York: Crown. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Kreitzer, A., Madaus, G., & Haney, W. (1989). Competency testing and dropouts. In L. Weis, E. Farrar, & H. Petrie (Eds.), Dropouts from school: Issues, dilemmas, and solutions (pp. 129-152). Albany: State University of New York Press. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Labov, W. (1972). Language in the inner city. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Lambert, W. E. (1972). Psychological studies of the interdependencies of the bilingual's two languages. In W. E. Lambert (Ed.), Language, psychology, and culture. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Lee, V. E., & Ekstrom, R. B. (1987). Student access to guidance counseling in high school. American Educational Research Journal, 24(2), 287-310. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Leinhardt, G. (1983). Overlap: Testing whether it is taught. In G. Madaus (Ed.), The courts, validity, and minimum competency testing (pp. 151-170). Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Leinhardt, G., & Seewald, A. M. (1981). Overlap: What's tested, what's taught. Journal of Educational Measurement, 18(2), 85-96. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Leinhardt, G., Zigmond, N., & Cooley, W. (1981). Reading instruction and its effects. American Educational Research Journal, 18(3), 343-361. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Lewy, W. (1972). Opportunity to learn and achievement in three subject matter areas. Journal of Experimental Education, 41, 68-73. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Linn, R. L., Baker, E. L., & Dunbar, S. B. (1991, winter). Complex, performance-based assessment: Expectations and validation criteria Evaluation Comment, pp. 2-9. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Lytle, J. H. (1992). Prospects for reforming urban schools. Urban Education, 27(2), 109-131. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Madaus, G. (1993, March). A technological and historical consideration of equity issues associated with proposals to change our nation's testing policy. Paper presented at the Ford Foundation Symposium on Equity and Educational Testing and Assessment, Washington, DC. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Malcolm, S. (1991). Equity and excellence through authentic science assessment. In G. Kulm & S. Malcolm (Eds.), Science assessment in the service of reform (p. 316). Washington, DC: Association for the Advancement of Science. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
McClung, M. S. (1978). Competency testing programs: Legal and educational issues. Fordham Law Review, 47, 651-712. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
McDonnell, L M., & Hill, P. T. (1993). Newcomers in American schools: Meeting the needs of immigrant youth. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
McNamara, J. (1967). The bilingual's linguistic performance: A psychological overview. Journal of Social Issues, 23, 58-77. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Miller-Jones, D. (1989). Culture and testing. American Psychologist, 44(2), 360-366. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Mincy, R. B. (1991). Workforce 2000, silver bullet or dud? Job structure changes and economic prospects for Black males in the 1990s. Challenge, 2(1), 50-76. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
National Commission on Testing and Public Policy. (1990). From gatekeeper to gateway: Transforming testing in America. Report of the National Commission on Testing and Public Policy. Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
National Council on Education Standards and Testing. (1992). Raising standards for American education. A report to Congress, the Secretary of Education, the National Education Goals Panel, and the American people. Washington, DC. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Oakes, J. (1990). Multiplying inequalities: The unequal distribution of mathematics and science opportunities. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
O'Connor, M. C. (1989). Aspects of differential performance by minorities on standardized test: Linguistic and sociocultural factors. In B. Gifford (Ed.), Test policy and test performance: Education, language, and culture (pp. 129-181). Boston: Kluwer. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Orfield, G., & Reardon, S. F. (1992, September). Separate and unequal schools: Political change and the shrinking agenda of urban school reform. Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Osser, H., Wang, M. D., & Zaid, F. (1969). The young child's ability to imitate and comprehend speech: A comparison of two subcultural groups. Child Development, 40, 1063-1076. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Porter, A. C. (1993, June). School delivery standards. Educational Researcher, 24-30. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Resnick, L., & Resnick, D. (1992). Assessing the thinking curriculum: New tools for educational reform. In B. Gifford & M. C. O'Connor (Eds.), Future assessments: Changing views of aptitude, achievement, and instruction. Boston: Kluwer. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Rumberger, R. W., & Levin, H. M. (1987). Forecasting the impact of new technologies on the future job market (Project Report No. 84A4). Stanford, CA: Stanford University, Institute for Educational Finance and Governance. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Sewell, T. E., Ducett, J. P., & Shapiro, J. (1991, August). Cultural diversity and educational assessment. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Stevens, F. I. (1993a). Defining and analyzing opportunity to learn in U.S. public schools: Issues of equity for poor and minority students. Washington, DC: National Center for Educational Statistics. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Stevens, F. (1993b). The opportunity to learn: Implications for school reform. Journal of Negro Education, 62(3), 227-248. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Stringfield, S., Millsap, M. A., Winfield, L., Brigham, N., Yoder, N., & Moss, M. (1992). Urban and suburban/rural special strategies for educating disadvantaged children. Second year report (Contract No. LC 90010001, LC 9001002). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Stringfield, S., Winfield, L., Millsap, M. A., Brigham, N., Gamse, B., & Moss, M. (1991). Urban and suburban/rural special strategies for educating disadvantaged children. First year report (Contract No. LC 90010001, LC 9001002). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Tucker, C. (1979). Teachers' perception of Black English dialect and variants. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (1984). Current population survey. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
U.S. Department of Labor, Employment Standards Administration. (1988). Opportunity 2000: Creative affirmative action strategies for a changing work. Force, 1-18. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Venezky, R. L. (1983). Curricular validity: The case for structure and process. In G. F. Madaus (Ed.), The courts, validity, and minimum competency testing (pp. 181-195). Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Weener, P. D. (1969). Social dialect differences and the recall of verbal messages. Journal of Educational Psychology, 60, 194-199. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Winfield, L. F. (1987). Teacher's estimates of test content covered and first grade students' reading achievement. Elementary School Journal, 4, 437-454. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Winfield, L. F. (1990). School competency testing reforms: Exploring a national perspective. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 12(2), 157-173. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Winfield, L. F. (199la). Lessons from the field: Case studies of evolving school-wide projects. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 13(4), 353-362. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Winfield, L. F. (199lb, December). Understanding adult and children's literacy proficiency. Paper presented at the National Reading Conference, Palm Springs, CA. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Winfield, L. F. (1992). Cautionary notes in the development of performance based assessments: The impact on racial/ethnic minority groups. Testimony prepared for hearings, House Education and Labor Committee. (Available from Linda Winfeid, UCLA Graduate School of Education, Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90024.) |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Winfield, L. F. (1993). Investigating test content and curriculum content overlap to assess opportunity to learn. Journal of Negro Education, 62(3), 288-323. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Winfield, L. F., & Hawkins, R. (1993). Longitudinal effects of Chapter I school wide projects on disadvantaged students (Report #46). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopldns University, Center for Research on Effective Schooling for Disadvantaged Students. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Winfield, L. F., Hawkins, R., & Stringfield, S. (1992). A description of Chapter I school wide projects and effects on student achievement in six case study schools (CDS Report #37). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, Center for Research on Effective Schooling for Disadvantaged Students. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Winfield, L F., Johnson, R., & Manning, J. (1993). Managing instructional diversity. In P. Forsyth & M. Tallerico (Eds.), City schools: Leading the way. Newbury Park, CA: Corwin. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Winfield, L. F., & Woodard, M. D. (1992, January 31). Where are equity and diversity in Bush's proposal 2000? Education Week, p. 31. |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Wolf, D. P., & Reardon, S. F. (1993, March). Equity in the design of performance assessments: A handle to wind up the tongue with? Paper prepared for the Ford Foundation Symposium on Equity and Educational Testing and Assessment, Washington, DC. |