The authors surveyed a community-based population of 628 persons who were 65 and over and who lived either in a rural Maryland county or in Baltimore. For each subject, the number of different medical problems, the subject's capacity to perform physical tasks, and the ability to function were assessed. The number and type of medical problems tended to be the best predictors of whether or not hospital or physician's office care were used, and of the volume of physician's office visits for subjects who sought outpatient care. The subject's ability to function was the best predictor of whether or not the subject used a paid home aide and the volume of family caregiving. Implications for research on association between need and use of long-term care are discussed.