The study of alternative lifestyle groups has been based largely on anecdotal material. Recently, more systematic empirical research has led to the development of a number of classification systems. Four such systems from British, American and Australian social scientists are critically evaluated in the light of suggested criteria, and none of these are found to be adequate in a field research situation. A new classification is developed, which meets all the criteria, and which enhances rather than hinders research. Finally, from extensive Australian and New Zealand participant observation research data, some general characteristics are described for groups fitting into each category.