Автор |
Thompson, W. Reid |
Дата выпуска |
1989 |
dc.description |
Modeling of Triton's spectrum indicates a bright scattering layer of optical depth τ ≃ 3 overlying an optically deep layer of CH<sub>4</sub> with high absorption and little scattering. UV absorption in the spectrum indicates τ ≃ 0.3 of red‐yellow haze, although some color may also arise from complex organics partially visible on the surface. An analysis of this and other (spectro) photometric evidence indicates that Triton most likely has a bright surface, which was partially visible in 1977–1980. Geometric albedo p = 0.62<sub>−0.12</sub><sup>+0.18</sup>, radius r = 1480 ± 180km, and temperature T = 48 ± 6 K. With scattering optical depths of 0.3–3 and ∼ 1–10mb of N<sub>2</sub>, a Mars‐like atmospheric density and surface visibility pertain. Imaging with the 0.62 µm CH<sub>4</sub> filter of the Voyager 2 wide angle camera could show ∼20% contrast between the average surface and clean exposures of CH<sub>4</sub> ice (which is not limited to the polar caps). Low far‐infrared atmospheric opacity will in principle allow the detection of thermal gradients in the surface caused by optically transmitting but infrared opaque CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> ice. |
Формат |
application.pdf |
Копирайт |
Copyright 1989 by the American Geophysical Union. |
Тема |
Neptune Predictions |
Тема |
Planetary Sciences: Solid Surface Planets |
Тема |
Planetology: Solid Surface Planets and Satellites: Atmospheric composition and chemistry |
Тема |
Planetology: Solid Surface Planets and Satellites: Composition |
Тема |
Planetology: Solid Surface Planets and Satellites: Surfaces |
Тема |
Planetary Sciences: Fluid Planets |
Тема |
Planetology: Fluid Planets: Surfaces |
Название |
Triton: Scattering models and surface/atmosphere constraints |
Тип |
article |
DOI |
10.1029/GL016i008p00969 |
Electronic ISSN |
1944-8007 |
Print ISSN |
0094-8276 |
Журнал |
Geophysical Research Letters |
Том |
16 |
Первая страница |
969 |
Последняя страница |
972 |
Аффилиация |
Thompson, W. Reid; Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Cornell University |
Выпуск |
8 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Apt, J.N. P.CarletonC. D.Mackay, Methane on Triton and Pluto: New CCD spectra, Astrophys. J., 270, 342–350, 1983 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Barker, E. S.W. D.CochranA. L.Cochran, Spectrophotometry of Pluto from 3500 to 7350 A, Icarus, 44, 43–52, 1980 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Brown, G. N.Jr.W. T.Ziegler, Vapor pressure and heats of vaporization and sublimation of liquids and solids of interest in cryogenics below 1 atm pressure, Adv. Cryogen. Eng., 25, 662–670, 1980 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Buie, M. W.U.Fink, Methane absorption variations in the spectrum of Pluto, Icarus, 70, 483–498, 1987 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Combes, M.T.EncrenazJ.Lecacheux, Upper limit of the gaseous CH4 abundance on Triton, Icarus, 47, 139–141, 1981 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Cruikshank, D. P.J.Apt, Methane on Triton: Physical state and distribution, Icarus, 58, 306–311, 1984 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Cruikshank, D. P.R. H.Brown, Satellites of Uranus and Neptune, and the Pluto‐Charon system, Satellites, J. A.BurnsM. S.Matthews836–873, Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, 1986 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Cruikshank, D. P.A.StocktonH. M.DyckE. E.BecklinW.MacyJr., The diameter and reflectance of Triton, Icarus, 40, 104–114, 1979 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Cruikshank, D. P.R. H.BrownA. T.TokunagaR. G.SmithJ. R.Piscitelli, Volatiles on Triton: The infrared spectral evidence, 2.0–2.5 μm, Icarus, 74, 413–423, 1988 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Delitsky, M. L.W. R.Thompson, Chemical processes in Triton's atmosphere and surface, Icarus, 70, 354–365, 1987 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Franz, O. G., UBV photometry of Triton, Icarus, 45, 602–606, 1981 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Goguen, J. D.H. B.HammelR. H.Brown, V photometry of Titania, Oberon, and Triton, Icarus, 77, 239–247, 1989 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Hansen, J. E.L. D.Travis, Light scattering in planetary atmospheres, Space Sci. Rev., 16, 527–610, 1974 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Johnson, J. R.U.FinkB. A.SmithH. J.Reitsema, Spectrophotometry and upper limits of gaseous CH4 for Triton, Icarus, 46, 288–291, 1981 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Khare, B. N.C.SaganE. T.ArakawaF.SuitsT.CallcottM.Williams, Optical constants of organic tholins produced in a simulated Titanian atmosphere: From soft X‐rays to microwave frequencies, Icarus, 60, 127–137, 1984 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Lark, N. L.H. B.HammelD. P.CruikshankD. J.TholenM. A.Rigler, The brightness and light curve of Triton in 1987, Icarus, 79, 15–22, 1989 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Lebofsky, L. A.G. H.RiekeM. J.Lebofsky, The radii and albedos of Triton and Pluto, Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc, 14, 766, 1982 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Lunine, J. I.D. J.Stevenson, Physical state of volatiles on the surface of Triton, Nature, 317, 238–240, 1985 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
McKay, C. P.J. B.PollackA. P.ZentD. P.Cruikshank, The thermal structure of Triton's atmosphere: Pre‐Voyager models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 1989 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Morrison, D.D. P.CruikshankR. H.Brown, Diameters of Triton and Pluto, Nature, 300, 425–427, 1982 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Neff, J. S.D. C.HummJ. T.BergstrahlA. L.CochranW. D.CochranE. S.BarkerR. G.Tull, Absolute spectrophotometry of Titan, Uranus, and Neptune: 3500–10,500 A, Icarus, 60, 221–235, 1984 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Piscitelli, J. R.D. P.CruikshankJ. F.Bell, Laboratory studies of irradiated nitrogen‐methane mixtures: Applications to Triton, Icarus, 76, 118–124, 1988 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Pollack, J. B.D.ColburnR.KahnJ.HunterW.Van CampC. E.CarlstonM. R.Wolf, Properties of aerosols in the Martian atmosphere, as inferred from Viking Lander imaging data, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 4479–4496, 1977 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Pollack, J. B.K.RagesK. H.BainesJ. T.BergstralhD.WenkertG. E.Danielson, Estimates of the bolometric albedos and radiation balance of Uranus and Neptune, Icarus, 65, 442–466, 1986 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Rages, K.J. B.Pollack, Vertical distribution of scattering hazes in Titan's upper atmosphere, Icarus, 55, 50–62, 1983 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Stern, S. A.T. E.SkinnerN.BroschJ.Van SantvoortL. M.Trafton, The first UV spectrum of Triton: IUE observations from 2600–3200 Å, Astrophys. J., 341, L107–L110, 1989 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Tholen, D. J.M. W.Buie, Further analysis of Pluto‐Charon mutual event observations‐1988, Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc, 20, 807, 1988 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Thompson, W. R.B.G.J.P.T.MurrayB. N.KhareC.Sagan, Coloration and darkening of methane clathrate and other ices by charged particle irradiation: Applications to the outer solar system, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14933–14947, 1987 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Trafton, L. M., Large seasonal variations in Triton's atmosphere, Icarus, 58, 312–324, 1984 |
Библиографическая ссылка |
Warren, S. G.W. J.Wiscombe, A model for the spectral albedo of snow, II: Snow containing atmospheric aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2734–2745, 1980 |