| Автор | Fesen, C. G. |
| Автор | Rusch, D. W. |
| Автор | Gérard, J.‐C. |
| Дата выпуска | 1990 |
| dc.description | The latitudinal gradients of the maximum nitric oxide densities near 110 km are presented for solstice and equinox periods from 1982 through 1985 as observed by the Solar Mesosphere Explorer satellite. The data indicate that the response of the maximum NO densities to the declining level of solar activity is latitudinally and seasonally dependent: the polar regions exhibit little sensitivity to solar activity, while the low latitude NO responds strongly. The data also reveal marked asymmetries in the latitudinal structure of the two hemispheres for each season. During June solstice periods, the latitudinal distribution is fairly flat, unlike December solstice periods which tend to show a definite minimum near 30° N. Similarly, March data show very little latitudinal variation in the NO peak density between about ±40°, while the September data show marked gradients for the later years. The SME data further indicate that the nitric oxide densities vary considerably from day to day, even during very quiet geomagnetic periods, suggesting that the concept of an “average” distribution is of limited usefulness in understanding nitric oxide. A two‐dimensional model is used to simulate the June solar cycle minimum data. The latitudinally averaged magnitudes of the observed NO peak densities are reproduced reasonably well by the model, but the shape of the latitudinal variation is not. Sensitivity studies which varied the N(²D)+ O quenching rate and the eddy diffusion coefficient are presented. The model simulations support a quenching coefficient of 0.5–1×10<sup>12</sup> cm³ s<sup>−1</sup>. |
| Формат | application.pdf |
| Копирайт | Copyright 1990 by the American Geophysical Union. |
| Тема | ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE |
| Тема | Thermosphere: composition and chemistry |
| Тема | IONOSPHERE |
| Тема | Plasma temperature and density |
| Название | The latitudinal gradient of the NO peak density |
| Тип | article |
| DOI | 10.1029/JA095iA11p19053 |
| Electronic ISSN | 2156-2202 |
| Print ISSN | 0148-0227 |
| Журнал | Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics |
| Том | 95 |
| Первая страница | 19053 |
| Последняя страница | 19059 |
| Выпуск | A11 |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Allen, M., Y. L.Yung, J. W.Waters, Vertical transport and photochemistry in the terrestrial mesosphere and lower thermosphere (50–120 Km), J. Geophys. Res., 86, 3617–3627, 1981. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Barth, C. A., Reference models for thermospheric NO, Adv. Space Res., 10, 103–115, 1989. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Barth, C. A., D. W.Rusch, A. I.Stewart, The UV nitric‐oxide experiment for Atmosphere Explorer, Radio Sci., 8, 379–385, 1973. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Barth, C. A., R. W.Sanders, G. E.Thomas, G. J.Rottman, D. W.Rusch, R. J.Thomas, G. H.Mount, G. M.Lawrence, J. M.Zawodny, R. A.West, J.London, Solar Mesosphere Explorer: Scientific objectives and results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 10, 237–240, 1983. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Barth, C. A., W. K.Tobiska, D. E.Siskind, D. D.Cleary, Solar terrestrial coupling: low‐latitude thermospheric nitric oxide, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 92–94, 1988. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Cravens, T. E., A. I.Stewart, Global morphology of nitric oxide in the lower E region, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 2446–2452, 1978. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Cravens, T. E., J.‐C.Gérard, A. I.Stewart, D. W.Rush, The latitudinal gradient of nitric oxide in the thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 2675–2680, 1979. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Cravens, T. E., J.‐C.Gérard, M.LeCompte, A. I.Stewart, D. W.Rusch, The global distribution of nitric oxide in the thermosphere as determined by the Atmosphere Explorer D satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 9862–9870, 1985. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Dalgarno, A., W. B.Hanson, N. W.Spencer, E. R.Schmerling, The Atmosphere Explorer mission, Radio Sci., 8, 263–266, 1973. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Ebel, A., Eddy diffusion models for the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 42, 617–628, 1980. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Fesen, C. G., J.‐C.Gérard, D. W.Rusch, Rapid deactivation of N(<sub>2</sub>D)by O: Impact on thermospheric and mesospheric odd nitrogen, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 5419–5426, 1989. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Frederick, J. E., D. W.Rusch, On the chemistry of metastable atomic nitrogen in the F region deduced from simultaneous satellite measurements of the 5200‐A airglow and atmospheric composition, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 3509–3517, 1977. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Garcia, R. R., S.Solomon, The effect of breaking gravity waves on dynamics and chemical composition of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 3850–3868, 1985. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Gérard, J.‐C., C. A.Barth, High‐latitude nitric oxide in the lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 674–680, 1977. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Gérard, J.‐C., Nöel, AE‐D measurements of the NO geomagnetic latitudinal distribution and contamination by the N<sup>+</sup> (<sup>5</sup>S) emission, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 10136–10140, 1986. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Gérard, J.‐C., R. G.Roble, The role of nitric oxide on the zonally averaged structure of the thermosphere: Solstice conditions for solar cycle minimum, Planet. Space Sci., 34, 131–144, 1986. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Gérard, J.‐C., R. G.Roble, The role of nitric oxide on the zonally averaged structure of the thermosphere: solstice conditions for solar cycle maximum, Planet. Space Sci., 36, 271–279, 1988. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Gérard, J.‐C., R. G.Roble, D. W.Rusch, A. I. F.Stewart, The global distribution of thermospheric odd‐nitrogen for solstice conditions during solar cycle minimum, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 1725–1738, 1984. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Gérard, J.‐C., C. G.Fesen, D. W.Rusch, Solar cycle variation of thermospheric nitric oxide at solstice, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 12235–12242, 1990. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Jusinski, L. E., G.Black, T. G.Slanger, Resonance‐Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization measurements of N(<sup>2</sup>D) quenching by O(<sup>3</sup>P, J. Phys. Chem., 92, 5977–5982, 1988. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Kasting, J. F., R. G.Roble, A zonally‐averaged chemical‐dynamical model of the lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9641–9653, 1981. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Miller, S. M., C. P.Fell, J. I.Steinfeld, Rate constants for the quenching of N<sup>*</sup> by O(<sup>3</sup>P), EOS, Trans. AGU, 69, 1347, 1988. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Nicolet, M., A. C.Aikin, The formation of the D region of the ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 65, 1469–1483, 1960. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Piper, L. G., The rate coefficient for quenching of N(<sup>2</sup>D) by O(<sup>3</sup>P), J. Chem. Phys., 91, 3516–3524, 1989. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Ridley, E. C., R. G.Roble, R. E., Global distribution of atomic nitrogen and nitric oxide calculated by the NCAR Thermospheric General Circulation Model, EOS, Trans. AGU, 68, 1388, 1987. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Roble, R. G., J. F.Kasting, The zonally averaged circulation, temperature, and compositional structure of the thermosphere and variations with geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 1711–1724, 1984. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Rusch, D. W., A. I.Stewart, P. B.Hays, J.Hoffman, The NI (5200 Å) dayglow, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 2300–2304, 1975. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Rusch, D. W., G. H.Mount, C. A.Barth, R. J.Thomas, M. T.Callan, Solar Mesosphere Explorer Ultraviolet Spectrometer: Measurements of ozone in the 1.0–0.1 mbar region, J. Geophys. Res., 8911, 677–11687, 1984. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Schoeberl, M. R., D. F.Strobel, J. P.Apruzese, A numerical model of gravity wave breaking and stress in the mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5249–5259, 1983. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Siskind, D. E., C. A.Barth, R. G.Roble, The response of themospheric nitric oxide to an auroral store, 1., Low and mid latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16885–16898, 1989. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Solomon, S., R. R.Garcia, Transport of thermospheric NO to the upper stratosphere?, Planet. Space Sci., 32, 399–409, 1984. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Solomon, S., P. J.Crutzen, R. G.Roble, Photochemical coupling between the themosphere and the lower atmosphere, 1, Odd nitrogen from 50 to 120 km, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 7206–7220, 1982a. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Solomon, S., G. C.Reid, R. G.Roble, P. J.Crutzen, Photochemical coupling between the thermosphere and the lower atmosphere, 2, D region ion chemistry and the winter anomaly, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 7221–7227, 1982b. |
