| Автор | Mergenthaler, J. L. |
| Автор | Kumer, J. B. |
| Автор | Roche, A. E. |
| Автор | Nightingale, R. W. |
| Автор | Potter, J. F. |
| Автор | Gille, J. C. |
| Автор | Massie, S. T. |
| Автор | Bailey, P. L. |
| Автор | Edwards, D. |
| Автор | Connell, P. S. |
| Автор | Kinnison, D. E. |
| Автор | Gunson, M. R. |
| Автор | Abrams, M. C. |
| Автор | Toon, G. C. |
| Автор | Sen, B. |
| Автор | Blavier, J.‐F. |
| Автор | Murcray, D. G. |
| Автор | Murcray, F. J. |
| Автор | Goldman, A. |
| Дата выпуска | 1996 |
| dc.description | The cryogenic limb array etalon spectrometer (CLAES) aboard the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite has made extensive measurements of thermal infrared radiation from the Earth's limb from which vertical concentration profiles of several stratospheric gases and multiwavelength aerosol absorption coefficients have been retrieved for the period from January 9, 1992, to May 5, 1993. This work examines stratospheric ClONO<sub>2</sub> concentrations from the current calibration and retrieval software which are designated version 7 data. These data provide the first near‐global view of this stratospheric species. This work evaluates data quality through (1) an analysis of estimated uncertainties and biases in the remote sensing process, (2) comparison with calculations using a two‐dimensional chemical model, (3) comparison with correlative data, and (4) an examination of various known limitations. The precision of CLAES ClONO<sub>2</sub> volume mixing ratio retrievals are within 15% in the range (10 < P < 50 mbar). The upper limit on estimated systematic error is 28% in the range (10 < P < 100 mbar) based on studies of error sources in midlatitude retrievals. The global distribution of ClONO<sub>2</sub> computed with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory two‐dimensional stratospheric chemistry model and the CLAES measurements agree qualitatively. However, above the profile peak the calculated concentration frequently exceeds the measurement. CLAES and ATMOS measurements show relatively good midlatitude agreement, suggesting that the major source of discrepancy is in the model. A possible explanation in terms of a missing reaction ClO + OH → HCl + O<sub>2</sub> is suggested. Also, the ClONO<sub>2</sub> diurnal cycle constructed from more than 30 days of CLAES data agrees well with the model. The CLAES ClONO<sub>2</sub> data diifer from correlative data acquired on flights of the shuttle‐based ATMOS and balloon‐borne instruments by less than 25% on the average in the 10 < P < 50 mbar range. At altitudes above 10 mbar the CLAES measurement is biased low with respect to correlative measurements. This discrepancy at high altitudes is consistent with the analysis showing a large increase of systematic errors above 10 mbar. Heavy tropical volcanic aerosol from the Mount Pinatubo eruption in June 1991 apparently interfered with ClONO<sub>2</sub> retrievals in the period before July 1992, causing anomalous peaks in the 20 < P < 30 mbar region accompanied by very small concentrations below the peak (P > 30 mbar). A similar effect associated with thick polar stratospheric clouds is identified. Overall, this validation study indicates that the majority of these data are of good quality and should be very useful in quantitative and qualitative chemical studies of the stratosphere. |
| Формат | application.pdf |
| Копирайт | Copyright 1996 by the American Geophysical Union. |
| Тема | Evaluation of the UARS Data |
| Тема | ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE |
| Тема | Instruments and techniques |
| Название | Validation of CLAES ClONO<sub>2</sub> measurements |
| Тип | article |
| DOI | 10.1029/96JD00449 |
| Electronic ISSN | 2156-2202 |
| Print ISSN | 0148-0227 |
| Журнал | Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |
| Том | 101 |
| Первая страница | 9603 |
| Последняя страница | 9620 |
| Выпуск | D6 |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Adrian, G. P., et al., First results of ground‐based FTIR measurements of atmospheric trace gases in north Sweden and Greenland during EASOE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1343–1346, 1994. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Bailey, P. L., et al.,Comparison of cryogenic limb array etalon spectrometer ozone observations with correlative measurements,J. Geophys. Res., 101(D6), 1996. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Ballard, J., W. B.Johnston, M. R.Gunson, P. T.Wassel, Absolute absorption coefficients of ClONO<sub>2</sub> infrared bands at stratospheric temperatures, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 1659–1665, 1988. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Clough, S. A., F. X.Kneizys, G. P.Anderson, E. P.Shettle, J. H.Chetwynd, L. W.Abreu, L. A.Hall, R. D.Worsham, FAS‐COD3: Spectral simulationin paper presented at the International Radiation Symposium on Current Problems in Atmospheric RadiationInt. Assoc. of Meteorol. and Atmos. Phys.Lille, FranceAugust 18–24, 1988. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Coffey, M., W. G.Mankin, A.Goldman, Airborne measurements of stratospheric constituents over Antarctica in the austral spring 1987, 2, Halogen and nitrogen trace gases, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16597–16613, 1989. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | DeMore, W. B., S. P.Sander, D. M.Golden, R. F.Hampson, M. J.Kurylo, C. J.Howard, A. R.Ravishankara, C. E.KolbJr, M. J.Molina, Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling: Evaluation, , 10, Jet Propul. Lab., Calif. Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, 1992. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | DeMore, W. B., S. P.Sander, D. M.Golden, R. F.Hampson, M. J.Kurylo, C. J.Howard, A. R.Ravishankara, C. E.KolbJr, M. J.Molina, Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling: Evaluation, , 11, Jet Propul. Lab., Calif. Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, 1994. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Edwards, D. P., GENL2: A general line‐by‐line atmospheric transmittance and radiance model. Version 3.0 description and users guideTech. Rep. NCAR/TN‐367+STRNatl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1992. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Farman, J. C., B. G.Gardiner, J. D.Shanklin, Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClO<sub>x</sub>/NO<sub>x</sub> interaction, Nature, 315, 207–210, 1985. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Farmer, C. B., High resolution infrared spectroscopy of the Sun and Earth's atmosphere from space, Mikrochim. Acta, 3, 189–214, 1987. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Farmer, C. B., G. C.Toon, P. W.Shaper, J. F.Blavier, L. L.Lowes, Stratospheric trace gases in the spring 1986 Antarctic atmosphere, Nature, 329, 126–130, 1987a. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Farmer, C. B., O. F.Raper, F. G.O'Callaghan, Final report on the first of the ATMOS instrument during the Spacelab 3 mission, April 29 through May 6, 1985Jet Propul. Lab., Pasadena, Calif., 1987b. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Gille, J. C., et al., Validation of temperature retrievals obtained by the limb infrared monitor of the stratosphere (LIMS) experiment on Nimbus 7, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5147–5160, 1984. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Gille, J. C., et al.,Accuracy and precision of cryogenic limb array etalon spectrometer (CLAES) temperature retrievals,J. Geophys. Res., 101(D6), 1996. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Goldman, A., F. J.Murcray, R. D.Blatherwick, J. J.Kosters, D. G.Murcray, C. P.Rinsland, J.‐M.Flaud, C.Camy‐Peyret, Stratospheric HNO<sub>3</sub> measurements from 0.002 cm<sup>‐1</sup> resolution solar occultation spectra with improved spectroscopic line parameters in the 5.8 um region, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2561–2567, 1992. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Goldman, A., C. P.Rinsland, F. J.Murcray, R. D.Blatherwick, D. G.Murcray, High resolution studies of heavy NO<sub>y</sub> molecules in atmospheric spectra, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 52, 367–377, 1994. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Gordley, L. L., B. T.Marshall, D. A.Chu, LINEPAK: Algorithms for modeling spectral transmittance and radiance, J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transfer, 52, 563–580, 1994. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Gunson, M. R., M. C.Abrams, L. L.Lowes, E.Mahieu, R.Zander, C. P.Rinsland, M. K. W.Ko, N. D.Sze, D. K.Weisenstein, Increase in levels of stratospheric chlorine and fluorine loading between 1985 and 1992, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2223–2226, 1994. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Hoffman, D. J., S.Solomon, Ozone destruction through heterogeneous chemistry following the eruption of El Chichon, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 5029–5041, 1989. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | James, T. C., A. E.Roche, B. C.Steakley, J. B.Thatcher, J. B.Kumer, L. W.Sterritt, J. F.Potter, andJ. C.Dawson, Spectral Calibration of the Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES), inOptical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, 1990 Tech. Dig. Ser., 4, p.172,Opt. Soc. of Am.,Incline Village, Nev.,Feb. 12–15 ,1990. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Kumer, J. B., J. L.Mergenthaler, T. C.James, A. E.Roche, L. W.Sterritt, andJ. F.Potter, Detector channeling hypothesis for enhanced structure observed in CLAES system blocker filter functions, inOptical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, 1990 Tech. Dig. Ser., 4, p.164,Opt. Soc. of Am.,Incline Village, Nev.,Feb. 12–15 ,1990. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Kumer, J. B., J. L.Mergenthaler, A. E.Roche, CLAES CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, and CCl<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub> global data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1239–1242, 1993. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Kumer, J. B., et al.,Comparison of correlative data with nitric acid data version 7 from the cryogenic limb array etalon spectrometer (CLAES) instrument deployed on the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS),J. Geophys. Res., 101(D6), 1996. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Marshall, B. T., L. L.Gordley, D. A.Chu, BANDPAK: Algorithms for modeling broadband transmittance and radiance, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 52, 563–580, 1994. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Massie, S. T., et al., Atmospheric infrared emission of ClONO<sub>2</sub> observed by a balloon‐borne Fourier spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14806–14814, 1987. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Massie, et al.,Validation studies using multiwavelength CLAES observations of stratospheric aerosol,J. Geophys. Res., 101(D6), 1996. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Mergenthaler, J. L., J. F.Potter, J. B.Kumer, T. C.James, andA. E.Roche, Retrieval of CLAES filter shapes from spectral calibration data, inOptical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, 1990 Tech. Dig. Ser., 4,180,Opt. Soc. of Am.,Incline Village, Nev.,Feb. 12–15 ,1990. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Mergenthaler, J. L., J. F.Potter, J. B.Kumer, T. C.James, A. E.Roche, Derivation of CLAES filter shapesSixth Topical Meeting on Optical Remote Sensing of the AtmosphereOpt. Soc. of Am.Salt Lake CityMarch 8–12, 1993. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Murcray, D. G., et al., Stratospheric distribution of ClONO<sub>2</sub>, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 857–859, 1979. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Murcray, F. J., J. J.Kosters, R. D.Blatherwick, J.Olson, D. G.Murcray, High resolution solar spectrometer system for measuring atmospheric constituents, Appl. Opt., 29, 1520–1525, 1990. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | PattenJr., K. O., P. S.Connell, D. E.Kinnison, D. J.Wuebbles, T. G.Slanger, L.Froidevaux, Effect of vibrationally exited oxygen on ozone production in the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1211–1224, 1994. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Prather, M., Catastrophic loss of stratospheric ozone in dense volcanic clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10187–10191, 1992. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Reber, C. A., The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1215–1218, 1993. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Rinsland, C. P., et al., Tentaitve identification of the 780 cm<sup>‐1</sup> ν<sub>4</sub> band Q‐branch of chlorine nitrate in high resolution solar absorption spectra of the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7931–7943, 1985. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Rinsland, C. P., M. R.Gunson, M. C.Abrams, R.Zander, E.Mahieu, A.Goldman, M. K. W.Ko, J. M.Rodriguez, N. D.Sze, Profiles of stratospheric chlorine nitrate (ClONO<sub>2</sub>) from atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy/ATLAS 1 infrared solar occultation spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18895–18900, 1994. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Roche, A. E., J. B.Kumer, J. L.Mergenthaler, G. A.Ely, W. G.Uplinger, J. F.Potter, T. C.James, L. W.Sterritt, The cryogenic limb array etalon spectrometer (CLAES) on UARS: Experiment description and performance, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10763–10775, 1993a. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Roche, A. E., J. B.Kumer, J. L.Mergenthaler, CLAES observations of ClONO<sub>2</sub> and HNO<sub>3</sub> in the Antarctic stratosphere, between June 15 and September 17, 1992, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1223–1226, 1993b. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Roche, A. E., J. B.Kumer, J. L.Mergenthaler, R. W.Nightingale, W. G.Uplinger, G. A.Ely, J. F.Potter, D. J.Wueblles, P. S.Connell, D. E.Kinnison, Observations of lower stratospheric ClONO<sub>2</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub> and aerosol by the UARS CLAES experiment between January 1992 and April 1993, J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 2877–2902, 1994. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Rodgers, C., Retrieval of atmospheric temperature and composition from remote measurements of thermal radiation, Rev. Geophys., 14, 609–624, 1976. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Rodgers, C., Retrieval of atmospheric temperature and composition from remote measurements of thermal radiation, J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 2877–2902, 1994. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Rood, R., M.Geller, , J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 2781–2782, 1994. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Rothman, L. S., et al., The HITRAN molecular database: Editions of 1991 and 1992, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 48, 469–507, 1992. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Rowland, F. S., J. E.Spencer, M. J.Molina, Stratospheric formation and photolysis of chlorine nitrate, J. Phys. Chem., 80, 2711–2713, 1976a. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Rowland, F. S., J. E.Spencer, M. J.Molina, Estimated relative abundance of chlorine nitrate among stratospheric chlorine compounds, J. Phys. Chem., 80, 2713–2715, 1976b. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Solomon, S., Progress toward a quantitative understanding of Antarctic ozone depletion, Nature, 347, 347–353, 1990. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Sterritt, L. W., T. C.James, J. B.Kumer, A. E.Roche, B. C.Steakley, K. M.Zickuhr, Radiometric calibration of the cryogenic limb array etalon spectrometer (CLAES), Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, 1990 Tech. Dig. Ser., 4, 168, Opt. Soc. of Am., 1990. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Toon, G. C., JPL Mark IV interferometer, Opt. Phot. News, 2, 19–21, 1991. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Toon, G. C., C. B.Farmer, L. L.Lowes, P. W.Shaper, J. F.Blavier, R. H.Norton, Infrared aircraft measurements of stratospheric compositions over Antarctica during September 1987, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16571–16596, 1989. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Toon, G. C., J.‐F.Blavier, J. N.Solario, J. T.Szeto, Airborne observations of the 1992 Arctic winter stratosphere by FTIR solar absorption spectroscopy, Opt. Meth. Atmos. Chem., 1715, 457–467, 1992. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Toumi, R., R. L.Jones, J. A.Pyle, Stratospheric ozone depletion by ClONO<sub>2</sub> photolysis, Nature, 365, 37–39, 1993. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Von Clarmann, T., H.Fischer, F.Friedl‐Vallon, A.Linden, H.Oelhaf, C.Piesch, M.Seefeldner, Retrieval of stratospheric O<sub>3</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub>, and ClONO<sub>2</sub> profiles from 1992 MIPAS‐B limb emission spectra: Method, results, and error analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20495–20506, 1993. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Zander, R., C. P.Rinsland, C. B.Farmer, L. R.Brown, R. H.Norton, Observation of several chlorine nitrate (ClONO<sub>2</sub>) bands in stratospheric infrared spectra, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 757–760, 1986. |
