| Автор | Wang, Pi‐Huan |
| Автор | Minnis, Patrick |
| Автор | McCormick, M. Patrick |
| Автор | Kent, Geoffrey S. |
| Автор | Skeens, Kristi M. |
| Дата выпуска | 1996 |
| dc.description | A 6‐year climatology of subvisual and opaque cloud occurrence frequencies is established using observations from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II between 1985 and 1990. The subvisual clouds are observed mostly at high altitudes near the tropopause. The opaque clouds terminate the profiling, reducing the measurement frequency of the SAGE II instrument in the troposphere. With its 1‐km vertical resolution, the climatology shows many interesting features, including (1) the seasonal expansion and migration behavior of the subvisual and opaque cloud systems; (2) the association of the zonal mean cloud frequency distributions with the tropospheric mean circulation (Hadley and Ferrel cells); (3) the tropical cloud occurrence that follows the equatorial circulation, including the Walker circulation over the Pacific Ocean; and (4) the overall higher cloud occurrence in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere. The radiative impact of subvisual clouds is estimated to be a 1‐W m<sup>−2</sup> reduction in outgoing longwave radiation. The maximum overall effect is a net positive cloud forcing of 0.5–1 W m<sup>−2</sup> in the tropics. During the 1987 El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), cloud frequency was generally enhanced in the tropics and midlatitudes and reduced in the subtropics and high latitudes. The present study shows a distinct negative correlation between the high‐altitude cloud occurrence and the lower stratospheric water vapor mixing ratio in the tropics, providing intrinsic evidence on the delicate connection between the stratospheric‐tropospheric exchange and dehydration processes and the high‐altitude cloud activities. |
| Формат | application.pdf |
| Копирайт | Copyright 1996 by the American Geophysical Union. |
| Тема | ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE |
| Тема | Aerosols and particles |
| Тема | Cloud physics and chemistry |
| Тема | Troposphere: composition and chemistry |
| Тема | Pollution: urban and regional |
| Тема | OCEANOGRAPHY: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL |
| Тема | Aerosols |
| Тема | PALEOCEANOGRAPHY |
| Тема | Aerosols |
| Название | A 6‐year climatology of cloud occurrence frequency from Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II observations (1985–1990) |
| Тип | article |
| DOI | 10.1029/96JD01780 |
| Electronic ISSN | 2156-2202 |
| Print ISSN | 0148-0227 |
| Журнал | Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |
| Том | 101 |
| Первая страница | 29407 |
| Последняя страница | 29429 |
| Выпуск | D23 |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Ackerman, T. P., K.‐N.Liou, F. P. J.Valero, L.Pfister, Heating rates in tropical anvils, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1606–1623, 1988. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Ansmann, A., et al., Measurements with a ground‐based lidar network during ICE '80, Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, conference edition, Opt. Soc. Am., Washington, D.C., 1991. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Chahine, M. T., The hydrological cycle and its influence on climate, Nature, 359, 373–380, 1992. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Chiou, E. W., M. P.McCormick, W. P.Chu, G. Y.Yue, Global distributions of cirrus determined from SAGE II occultation measurements between November 1984 and October 1988, Conference on Cloud Physics, 513–516Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1990. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Chu, W. P., M. P.McCormick, J.Lenoble, C.Brogniez, P.Pruvost, SAGE II inversion algorithm, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8339–8351, 1989. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Chu, W. P., E. W.Chiou, J. C.Larsen, L. W.Thomason, D.Rind, J. J.Buglia, S.Oltmans, M. P.McCormick, L. M.McMaster, Algorithms and sensitivity analyses for Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II water vapor retrieval, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4857–4866, 1993. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Cox, S. K., Observational evidence of anomalous infrared cooling in a clear tropical atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 1347–1349, 1969. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Cox, S. K., D. S.McDougal, D. A.Randall, R. A.Schiffer, FIRE—The first ISCCP regional experiment, Buff. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 68, 114–118, 1987. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Danielsen, E. F., A dehydration mechanism for the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 605–608, 1982a. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Danielsen, E. F., Statistics of cold cumulonimbus anvils based on enhanced infrared photographs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 601–604, 1982b. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Danielsen, E. F., In situ evidence of rapid, vertical, irreversible transport of lower tropospheric air into the lower tropical stratosphere by convective cloud turrets and by large‐scale upwelling in tropical cyclones, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8665–8681, 1993. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Fu, Q., K.‐N.Liou, Parameterization of the radiative properties of cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2008–2025, 1994. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Gayet, J. F., How accurately can we measure cirrus cloud microphysical properties?, Proceedings of the World Meteorological Organization Workshop on Cloud Microphysics and Applications to Global ChangeWMO/TD 537, 169–173, Geneva, 1992. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Heymsfield, A. J., Microphysical structure of stratiform and cirrus clouds, Aerosol‐Cloud‐Climate InteractionsP. V.Hobbs, 97–121, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1993. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | , Aerosol‐Cloud‐Climate InteractionsP. V.Hobbs, 233, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1993. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Holton, J. R., On the global exchange of mass between the stratosphere and troposphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 392–395, 1990. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Holton, J. R., P. H.Haynes, M. E.McIntyre, A. R.Douglass, R. B.Rood, L.Pfister, Stratosphere‐troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys., 33, 403–439, 1995. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Kent, G. S., D. M.Winker, M. T.Osborn, K. M.Skeens, A model for the separation of cloud and aerosol in SAGE II occultation data, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20725–20735, 1993. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Kent, G. S., E. R.Williams, P.‐H.Wang, M. P.McCormick, K. M.Skeens, Surface temperature related variations in tropical cirrus cloud as measured by SAGE II, J. Clim., 8, 2577–2594, 1995a. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Kent, G. S., P.‐H.Wang, M. P.McCormick, K. M.Skeens, Multiyear SAGE II measurements of upper tropospheric aerosol characteristics, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 13875–13899, 1995b. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Kley, D., A. L.Schmeltekopt, K.Kelly, R. H.Winkler, T. L.Thompson, M.McFarland, Transport of water through the tropical tropopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 617–620, 1982. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Knollenberg, R. G., K.Kelly, J. C.Wilson, Measurements of high number densities of ice crystals in the tops of tropical cumulonimbus, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8639–8664, 1993. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Lau, K.‐M., P. J.Sheu, Teleconnections in global rainfall anomalies: Seasonal to inter‐decadal time scales, Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate AnomaliesM. H.Glantz, et al., 227–256, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1991. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Liao, X., W. B.Rossow, D.Rind, Comparison between SAGE II and ISCCP high‐level clouds, 2, Locating cloud tops, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1137–1147, 1995a. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Liao, X., W. B.Rossow, D.Rind, Comparison between SAGE II and ISCCP high‐level clouds, 1, Global and zonal mean cloud amounts, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1121–1135, 1995b. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Liou, K. N., Radiation and Cloud Processes in the Atmosphere, 487, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1992. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Manabe, S., J.Smagorinsky, R. F.Strickler, Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrological cycle, Mon. Weather Rev., 93, 769–798, 1965. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | MauldinIII, L. E., N. H.Zaun, M. P.McCormick, J. H.Guy, W. R.Vaughn, Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II instrument: A functional description, Opt. Eng., 24, 307–312, 1985. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | McCormick, M. P., SAGE II: An overview, Adv. Space Res., 7, 319–326, 1987. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | McCormick, M. P., Initial assessment of the stratospheric and climatic impact of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption: Prologue, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 149, 1992. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | McCormick, M. P., P.‐H.Wang, L. R.Poole, Stratospheric aerosols and clouds, Aerosol‐Cloud‐Climate InteractionsP.Hobbs, 205–222, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1993. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | McCormick, M. P., L. W.Thomason, C. R.Trepte, Atmospheric effects of the Mount Pinatubo eruption, Nature, 373, 399–404, 1995. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Menzies, R. T., D. M.Tratt, Evidence of seasonally dependent stratosphere‐troposphere exchange and purging of lower stratospheric aerosol from a multiyear lidar data set, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 3139–3148, 1995. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Minnis, P., E. F.Harrison, Diurnal variability of regional cloud and clear‐sky radiative parameters derived from GOES data, II, November 1978 cloud distributions, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 23, 1012–1031, 1984. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Minnis, P., E. F.Harrison, L. L.Stowe, G. G.Gibson, F. M.Denn, D. R.Doelling, W. L.SmithJr., Radiative climate forcing by the Mount Pinatubo eruption, Science, 259, 1411–1415, 1993. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Mote, P. W., K. H.Rosenlof, M. E.McIntyre, E. S.Carr, J. C.Gille, J. R.Holton, J. S.Kinnersley, H. C.Pumphrey, J. M.RussellIII, J. W.Waters, An atmospheric tape recorder: The imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3989–4006, 1996. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Climate Diagnostics Bulletin: June 1995, Clim. Anal. Cent., U.S. Dep. of Commer., Washington, D. C., 1995. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Newell, R. E., S.Gould‐Stewart, A stratospheric fountain, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2789–2796, 1981. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Oort, A. H., Global atmospheric circulation statistics, 1958–1973, NOAA Prof. Pap., 14, 180, 1983. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Pan, Y. H., A. H.Oort, Global climate variations connected with sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean for the 1958–73 period, Mon. Weather Rev., 111, 1244–1258, 1983. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Peixoto, J. P., A. H.Oort, Physics of Climate, 520, Am. Inst. of Phys., New York, 1992. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Platt, C. M., et al., The experimental cloud lidar pilot study (ECLIPS) for cloud‐radiation research, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 75, 1635–1654, 1994. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Ramanathan, V., R. D.Cess, E. F.Harrison, P.Minnis, B. R.Rarkstrom, E.Ahmad, D.Hartmann, Cloud‐radiative forcing and climate: Results from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, Science, 243, 57–63, 1989. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Reid, G. C., K. S.Gage, Troposphere‐stratosphere coupling in the tropics: The role of El Niño and the QBO, The Role of the Stratosphere in Global ChangeM.‐L.Chanin, NATO ASI Ser, 245–266, Springer‐Verlag, New York, 1993. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Rossow, W. B., R. A.Schiffer, ISCCP cloud data products, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 72, 2–20, 1991. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Russell, P. B., L.Pfister, H. B.Selkirk, The tropical experiment of the Stratosphere‐Troposphere Exchange Project (STEP): Science objectives, operations, and summary findings, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8563–8589, 1993. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Sassen, K., B. S.Cho, Subvisual‐thin cirrus lidar dataset for satellite verification and climatological research, J. Appl. Meteorol., 31, 1275–1285, 1992. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Sassen, K., A. J.Heymsfield, D.Starr, Is there a cirrus small particle anomaly?, Conference on Cloud Physics, J91–J95Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1990. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Schiffer, R. A., W. B.Rossow, ISCCP global radiance data set: A new resource for climate research, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 66, 779–784, 1985. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Stowe, L. L., H. Y. M.Yeh, T. F.Eck, C. G.Wellemeyer, H. L.Kyle, Nimbus‐7 global cloud climatology, II, First year results, J. Clim., 2, 671–709, 1989. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Von de Berg, L., A.Pyomjamsri, J.Schmets, Monthly mean upper tropospheric humidities in cloud‐free area from Meteosat observations, Int. J. Climatol., 11, 11819–11836, 1991. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Wang, P.‐H., SAGE II tropospheric measurement frequency and its meteorological implication, Seventh Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, J15–J18Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1994. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Wang, P.‐H., M. P.McCormick, L. R.Poole, W. P.Chu, G. K.Yue, G. S.Kent, K. M.Skeens, Tropical high cloud characteristics derived from SAGE II extinction measurements, Atmos. Res., 34, 53–83, 1994a. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Wang, P.‐H., M. P.McCormick, G. S.Kent, L.Thomason, SAGE II long‐term measurements of stratospheric and upper tropospheric aerosols, Atmospheric Sensing and Modeling, , 2311R. P.Santer, 2–9, SPIE—Int. Soc. for Opt. Eng., Bellingham, Wash., 1994b. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Wang, P.‐H., P.Minnis, G. K.Yue, Extinction coefficient (1 μm) properties of high‐altitude clouds from solar occultation measurements (1985–1990): Evidence of volcanic aerosol effect, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 3181–3199, 1995a. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Wang, P.‐H., M. P.McCormick, P.Minnis, G. S.Kent, G. K.Yue, K. M.Skeens, A method for estimating vertical distribution of the SAGE II opaque cloud frequency, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 243–246, 1995b. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Warren, S. G., C. J.Hahn, J.London, R. M.Chervin, andR. L.Jenne, Global distribution of total cloud cover and cloud type amounts over land,NCAR TN‐273+STR,Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res.,Boulder, Colo.,1986. (Available asDE87‐006903 fromNatl. Tech. Inf. Serv.,Springfield, VA.. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Warren, S. G., C. J.Hahn, J.London, R. M.Chervin, R. L.Jenne, Global distribution of total cloud cover and cloud type amounts over oceanNCAR TN‐317+STRNatl. Cent. For Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1988. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Woodbury, G. E., M. P.McCormick, Global distributions of cirrus clouds determined from SAGE data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 10, 1180–1183, 1983. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Woodbury, G. E., M. P.McCormick, Zonal and geographical distributions of cirrus clouds determined from SAGE data, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 2775–2785, 1986. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | , World Meteorological Organization (WMO)International Cloud Atlas, I, Manual on the Observation of Clouds and Other Meteors, Geneva, 1975. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | , WMO, An experimental cloud lidar pilot study (ECLIPS), report of the WCRP/CSIRO workshop on cloud base measurementWMO/TD, 251, Geneva, 1988. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Wylie, D. P., W. P.Menzel, H. M.Woolf, K. I.Strabala, Four years of global cirrus cloud statistics using HIRS, J. Clim., 7, 1972–1986, 1994. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Zhang, C., One the annual cycle in highest, coldest clouds in the tropics, J. Clim., 6, 1987–1990, 1993. |
