| Автор | Calder, I. R. |
| Автор | Wright, I. R. |
| Дата выпуска | 1986 |
| dc.description | Various forest canopy characteristics of stands of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), including canopy density, the aerodynamic resistance to the transfer of water vapor, and the rates of change of drainage and evaporation of water with respect to canopy storage, were investigated using direct measurements of canopy mass and water storage. The measurements, made at sites located in Wales and Scotland, utilized the attenuation of a horizontal beam of gamma rays which was arranged to scan through the canopy at different levels. The aerodynamic resistance to the transport of water vapor from the canopy to a reference level 5 m above mean tree height was found to be consistent with the value of 3.5 s m<sup>−1</sup>, determined from earlier modeling studies (I. R. Calder, 1977). This value is, however, lower and shows less wind speed dependence than would be expected from conventional formulae which are based on eddy diffusion theory and tree height. The possibility of explaining these discrepancies in terms of an additional transport mechanism involving large‐scale eddies is discussed. |
| Формат | application.pdf |
| Копирайт | Copyright 1986 by the American Geophysical Union. |
| Тема | HYDROLOGY |
| Тема | Hydrology |
| Тема | Hydrology |
| Тема | Hydrology |
| Тема | Hydrology |
| Название | Gamma Ray Attenuation Studies of Interception From Sitka Spruce: Some Evidence for an Additional Transport Mechanism |
| Тип | article |
| DOI | 10.1029/WR022i003p00409 |
| Electronic ISSN | 1944-7973 |
| Print ISSN | 0043-1397 |
| Журнал | Water Resources Research |
| Том | 22 |
| Первая страница | 409 |
| Последняя страница | 417 |
| Выпуск | 3 |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Binns, W. O., Trees and Water, Aboricult. Leaflet, 6, Her Majesty's Stationery Off., London, 1980. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Calder, I. R., The measurement of water losses from a forested area using a “natural” lysimeter, J. Hydrol., 30, 311–325, 1976. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Calder, I. R., A model of transpiration and interception from a spruce forest in Plynlimon, central Wales, J. Hydrol., 33, 247–265, 1977. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Calder, I. R., Do trees use more water than grass?, Water Serv., 83, 11–14, 1979. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Calder, I. R., M. D.Newson, Land use and upland resources in Britain — A strategic look, Water Resour. Bull., 16, 1628–1639, 1979. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Calder, I. R., M. D.Newson, The effects of afforestation on water resources in Scotland, Land Assessment in Scotland, 51–62, Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1980. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Calder, I. R., P. T. W.Rosier, The design of large plastic‐sheet net‐rainfall gauges, J. Hydrol., 30, 403–405, 1976. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Calder, I. R., R. J.Hall, R. J.Harding, I. R.Wright, The use of a wet‐surface weighing lysimeter system in rainfall interception studies of heather (Calluna Vulgaris), J. Climatol. Appl. Meteorol., 23, 461–474, 1984a. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Calder, I. R., R. J.Hall, R. J.Harding, P. T. W.Rosier, andI. R.Wright, Upland afforestation progress report — Process studies 1983–1984, technical report,Inst. of Hydrol. report to the Scottish Upland Afforestation Consortium,Wallingford, England,1984b. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Clayton, C. G., J. F.Cameron, A review of the design and application of radioisotope instruments in industry, Radioisotope Instruments in Industry and Geophysics,1, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1966. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Crowther, J. M., N. J.Hutchings, Correlated vertical windspeeds in a spruce canopy, Forest Environmental Measurement Conference ProceedingsB. A.Hutchinson, B. B.Hicks, L. W.Gay, K. L.Perttu, J. B.Stewart, D. Reidel, Hingham, Mass., 1984. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Denmead, O. T., Plant physiological methods for studying evapotranspiration: problems of telling the forest from the trees, Agric. Water Mange., 8, 167–189, 1984. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Fraser, A. I., Wind tunnel studies of the forces acting on the crowns of small trees, Rep. For. Res., Her Majesty's Stationery Off., London, 1962. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Gash, J. H. C., An analytical model of rainfall interception by forests, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 105, 43–55, 1979. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Gash, J. H. C., I. R.Wright, C. R.Lloyd, Comparative estimates of interception loss from three coniferous forests in Great Britain, J. Hydrol., 48, 89–105, 1980. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Grant, R. H., The scaling of flow in vegatative structures, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 27, 171–184, 1983. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Grant, R. H., The mutual interference of spruce canopy structural elements, Agric. For. Meteorol., 32, 145–156, 1984. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Hall, R. L., Further interception studies of heather using a wet‐surface weighing lysimeter system, J. Hydrol., 81, 193–210, 1985. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Hall, R. L., The use of a PET microcomputer in rainfall interception studies of heathland, Computer Applications in Agricultural EnvironmentsJ. A.Clark, K.Gregson, R. A.Saffell, Butterworths, London, 1986. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Halldin, S., H.Grip, K.Perttu, Model for energy exchange of a pine forest canopy, Comparison of Forest Water and Energy Exchange ModelsS.Halldin, 59–75, International Society for Ecological Modelling, Copenhagen, 1979. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Hancock, N. H., J. M.Crowther, A technique for the direct measurement of water storage on a forest canopy, J. Hydrol., 41, 105–122, 1979. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Hancock, N. H., P. J.Sellers, J. M.Crowther, Evaporation from a partially wet forest canopy, Ann. Geophys., 1, 139–146, 1983. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Harding, R. J., P. T. W.Rosier, Snow interception, report for the Scottish consortium on the hydrological effects of upland afforestationInst. of Hydrol., Wallingford, Oxon, England, 1983. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Hubbell, J. H., Photon cross sections, attenuation coefficients and energy absorption coefficients from 10 keV to 100 GeVRep. NSRDS‐NBS 29U. S. Dep. of Commer., Natl. Bur. of Stand., Washington, D.C., 1969. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Law, F., The effect of afforestation upon the yield of water catchment areas, J. Br. Waterwo. Assoc., 38, 489–494, 1956. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Leyton, L., E. R. C.Reynolds, F. B.Thompson, Rainfall interception in forest and moorland, International Symposim on Forest HydrologyW. E.Sopper, H. W.Lull, 163–168, Pergamon, New York, 1967. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Massman, W. J., Water storage on forest foliage: A general model, Water Resour. Res., 16, 210–216, 1980. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Massman, W. J., The derivation and validation of a new model for the interception of rainfall by forests, Agric. Meteorol., 28, 261–286, 1983. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Miranda, A. C., P. G.Jarvis, J.Grace, Transpiration and evaporation from heather moorland, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 28, 227–243, 1984. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Monteith, J. L., Evaporation and environment, Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 19, 205–234, 1965. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Monteith, J. L., Resistance of a partially wet canopy: Whose equation fails?, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 12, 375–383, 1977. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Monteith, J. L., G.Szeicz, Radiative temperature in the heat balance of natural surfaces, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 88, 496–507, 1962. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Olszyczka, B., Gamma ray determinations of surface water storage and stem water content for coniferous forests, Ph.D. thesis,Dep. of Appl. Phys., Univ. of Strathclyde,1979. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Perttu, K., K.Bischof, H.Grip, P. E.Jansson, A.Lindgren, A.Lindroth, B.Noren, Micrometeorology and hydrology of pine forest ecosystems, Structure and Function of Northern Coniferous Forests — An Ecosystem Study, Field Studies, 1T.Persson, 75–121, Ecological Bulletin, Stockholm, 1980. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Raupach, M. R., B. J.Legg, The uses and limitations of flux‐gradient relationships in micrometeorology, Agric. Water Manage., 8, 151–166, 1984. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Roberts, J. M., The use of tree cutting techniques in the study of the water relations of mature Pinus sylvestris L, 1, The technique and survey of the results, J. Exper. Bot., 28, 751–767, 1977. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Rutter, A. J., Studies on the water relations of Pinus sylvestris in plantation conditions, 4, Direct observations on the rates of transpiration, evaporation of intercepted water, and evaporation from the soil surface, J. Appl. Ecol., 3, 393–405, 1966. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Rutter, A. J., K. A.Kershaw, P. C.Robins, A. J.Morton, A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests, 1, Derivation of the model from observations in a plantation of Corsican pine, Agric. Meteorol., 9, 367–384, 1971. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Rutter, A. J., A. J.Morton, P. C.Robins, A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests, 2, Generalization of the model and comparison with observations in some coniferous and hardwood stands, J. Appl. Ecol., 12, 367–380, 1975. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Sellers, P. J., J. G.Lockwood, A computer simulation of the effects of differing crop types on the water balance of small catchments over long periods, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 107, 395–414, 1981. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Shuttleworth, W. J., Experimental evidence for the failure of the Penman‐Monteith equation in partially wet conditions, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 10, 91–94, 1976. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Shuttleworth, W. J., Comments on “Resistance of a partially wet canopy: Whose equation fails?”, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 12, 385–386, 1977. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Singh, E., G.Szeicz, The effect of intercepted rainfall on the water balance of hardwood forest, Water Resour. Res., 15, 131–138, 1979. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Stewart, J. B., Evaporation from the wet canopy of a pine forest, Water Resour. Res., 13, 915–921, 1977. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Stewart, J. B., A. S.Thom, Energy budgets in pine forest, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 101, 93–105, 1973. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Strangeways, I. C., Automatic weather stations for network operation, Weather, 27, 403–408, 1972. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Thom, A. S., Momentum, mass and heat exchange of vegetation, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 124–134, 1972. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Wallace, J. S., C. R.Lloyd, J.Roberts, W. J.Shuttleworth, A comparison of methods for estimating aerodynamic resistance of heather (Calluna vulgaris (L) Hull) in the field, Agric. Meteorol., 32, 289–305, 1984. |
