| Автор | Jones, Andrew M. |
| Автор | Doust, Jonathan H. |
| Дата выпуска | 1996 |
| dc.description | When running indoors on a treadmill, the lack of air resistance results in a lower energy cost compared with running outdoors at the same velocity. A slight incline of the treadmill gradient can be used to increase the energy cost in compensation. The aim of this study was to determine the treadmill gradient that most accurately reflects the energy cost of outdoor running. Nine trained male runners, thoroughly habituated to treadmill running, ran for 6 min at six different velocities (2.92, 3.33, 3.75, 4.17, 4.58 and 5.0 m s<sup>‐1</sup>) with 6 min recovery between runs. This routine was repeated six times, five times on a treadmill set at different grades (0%, 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%) and once outdoors along a level road. Duplicate collections of expired air were taken during the final 2 min of each run to determine oxygen consumption. The repeatability of the methodology was confirmed by high correlations (r = 0.99) and non‐significant differences between the duplicate expired air collections and between the repeated runs at 0% grade. The relationship between oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>) and velocity for each grade was highly linear (r > 0.99). At the two lowest velocities, VO<sub>2</sub> during road running was not significantly different from treadmill running at 0% or 1% grade, but was significantly less than 2% and 3% grade. For 3.75 m s<sup>‐1</sup>, the VO<sub>2</sub> during road running was significantly different from treadmill running at 0%, 2% and 3% grades but not from 1% grade. For 4.17 and 4.58 m s<sup>‐1</sup>, the VO<sub>2</sub> during road running was not significantly different from that at 1% or 2% grade but was significantly greater than 0% grade and significantly less than 3% grade. At 5.0 m s<sup>‐1</sup>, the VO<sub>2</sub> for road running fell between the VO<sub>2</sub> value for 1% and 2% grade treadmill running but was not significantly different from any of the treadmill grade conditions. This study demonstrates equality of the energetic cost of treadmill and outdoor running with the use of a 1% treadmill grade over a duration of ∼5 min and at velocities between 2.92 and 5.0 m s<sup>‐1</sup>. |
| Формат | application.pdf |
| Издатель | Taylor & Francis Group |
| Копирайт | Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC |
| Тема | Fitness assessment |
| Тема | running economy |
| Тема | treadmill running |
| Название | A 1% treadmill grade most accurately reflects the energetic cost of outdoor running |
| Тип | research-article |
| DOI | 10.1080/02640419608727717 |
| Electronic ISSN | 1466-447X |
| Print ISSN | 0264-0414 |
| Журнал | Journal of Sports Sciences |
| Том | 14 |
| Первая страница | 321 |
| Последняя страница | 327 |
| Аффилиация | Jones, Andrew M.; Chelsea School Research Centre, University of Brighton; Exercise Physiology Laboratory, The Sports Council for Wales, Welsh Institute of Sport |
| Аффилиация | Doust, Jonathan H.; Chelsea School Research Centre, University of Brighton |
| Выпуск | 4 |
| Библиографическая ссылка | American College of Sports Medicine. 1991. Guidelines for Graded Exercise Testing and Prescription, Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Barstow, T. and Mole, P. 1991. Linear and non‐linear characteristics of oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 71: 2099–2106. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Bassett, D., Giese, M., Nagle, F., Ward, A., Raab, D. and Balke, B. 1985. Aerobic requirements of overground versus treadmill running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17: 477–481. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Bransford, D. and Howley, R. 1977. Oxygen cost of running in trained and untrained men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 9: 41–44. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Conley, D. and Krahenbuhl, G. 1980. Running economy and distance running performance of highly trained athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 12: 357–360. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Costill, D., Thomason, H. and Roberts, E. 1973. Fractional utilisation of the aerobic capacity during distance running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 5: 248–252. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Daniels, J. and Daniels, N. 1992. Running economy of elite male and elite female runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24: 483–489. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Daniels, J., Scardina, N., Hayes, J. and Foley, P. 1986. “Elite and subelite female middle‐ and long‐distance runners”. In Sport Elite Performers, Edited by: Landers, D. 57–72. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Davies, C.T.M. 1980. Effects of wind assistance and resistance on the forward motion of a runner. Journal of Applied Physiology, 48: 702–709. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Davies, C.T.M. 1981. Wind resistance and assistance in running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 13: 199–213. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Durnin, J. and Womersley, J. 1974. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: Measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. British Journal of Nutrition, 32: 77–97. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Falls, D. and Humphreys, L. 1976. Energy cost of walking and running in young women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 8: 9–13. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Hale, T., Armstrong, N., Hardman, A., Jakeman, P., Sharp, C. and Winter, E. 1988. Position Statement on the Physiological Assessment of the Elite Competitor, Leeds: British Association of Sports Sciences. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Heck, H., Mader, A., Hess, G., Mucke, S., Muller, R. and Hollman, W. 1985. Justification of the 4 mm lactate threshold. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 6: 117–130. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Jones, A.M. and Doust, J. 1995. The relationship of lactate minimum velocity to 8 km running performance and comparison with other methods of determining ‘aerobic threshold’. Journal of Sports Sciences, 13: 34 |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Leger, L. and Mercier, D. 1984. Gross energy cost of horizontal treadmill and track running. Sports Medicine, 1: 270–277. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | McMiken, D. and Daniels, J. 1976. Aerobic requirements and maximal aerobic power in treadmill and track running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 8: 14–17. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Morgan, D. and Craib, M. 1992. Physiological aspects of running economy. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24: 456–461. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Morgan, D., Baldini, F.D., Martin, P.E. and Kohrt, W.M. 1989. Ten kilometer performance and predicted velocity at VO2 max among well‐trained male runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 21: 78–83. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Morgan, D., Craib, M., Krahenbuhl, G., Woodall, K., Jordan, S., Filarski, K., Burleson, C. and Williams, T. 1994. Daily variability in running economy among well‐trained male and female distance runners. Research Quarterly, 65: 72–77. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Noakes, T., Myburgh, K. and Schall, R. 1990. Peak treadmill velocity during the VO2 max test predicts running performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 8: 35–45. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Powers, S., Dodd, S., Deason, R., Byrd, R. and McKnight, T. 1983. Ventilatory threshold, running economy and distance running performance of trained athletes. Research Quarterly for Sports and Exercise, 54: 179–182. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Pugh, L.G.C.E. 1970. Oxygen uptake in track and treadmill running with observations on the effect of air resistance. Journal of Physiology, 207: 823–835. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Pugh, L.G.C.E. 1971. The influence of wind resistance in running and walking and the mechanical efficiency of work against horizontal or vertical forces. Journal of Physiology, 213: 225–276. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Ramsbottom, R., Brewer, J. and Williams, C. 1988. A progressive shuttle run test to estimate maximal oxygen uptake. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 22: 141–144. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Riggs, C.E., Johnson, D.J., Konopka, B.J. and Kilgour, R.D. 1981. Exercise heart rate response to facial cooling. European Journal of Applied Physiology;, 47: 323–330. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Shephard, R. 1969. A nomogram to calculate the oxygen cost of running at slow speeds. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 9: 10–16. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Tetgbur, U., Busse, M. and Braumann, K. 1993. Estimation of individual equilibrium between lactate production and catabolism during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25: 620–627. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Van Ingen Schenau, G.J. 1980. Some fundamental aspects of the biomechanics of overground versus treadmill locomotion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 12: 257–261. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Weltman, A., Snead, D., Steim, P., Schurrer, R., Rutt, R. and Weltmann, J. 1990. Reliability and validity of a continuous incremental treadmill protocol for the determination of lactate threshold, fixed blood lactate concentrations and VO2 max. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 11: 26–32. |
| Библиографическая ссылка | Williams, P.A. and Kilgour, R.D. 1993. Cardiovascular responses to facial cooling during low and moderate intensity exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 67: 53–58. |
